Exploring Inherited IRA Borrowing Strategies


Intro
Navigating the world of retirement accounts can often feel like walking through a minefield, and when it comes to inherited IRAs, the complexities only multiply. An inherited Individual Retirement Account is not only a financial tool but also a responsibility laden with rules, regulations, and potential pitfalls. It’s not just a simple transfer of funds; legal frameworks, taxation, and strategic considerations come into play.
Understanding what you can and cannot do with inherited IRA funds is essential. Many beneficiaries might consider borrowing against the account or withdrawing funds, but each action carries its own implications. This article aims to shed light on these intricacies, empowering readers to make informed decisions in managing their inherited IRA.
The landscape of inherited IRAs is dotted with specific terminology, eligibility requirements, and attracting but tricky investment jargon. Knowing the fundamental terms will aid in grasping the larger picture. Delving further will not only clarify the differences between inherited and traditional IRAs but also enlighten beneficiaries on withdrawal rules and potential tax obligations.
Equipping oneself with knowledge is crucial in these scenarios. This discourse will navigate the labyrinth of inherited IRAs, revealing how to effectively leverage these funds without stumbling into legal or financial snares.
Prolusion to Inherited IRAs
When we talk about retirement planning, inherited IRAs often come into play, yet many individuals remain in the dark regarding their nuances. Understanding these accounts is essential not just for beneficiaries, but also for financial planners and investors seeking to maximize retirement savings. Inherited IRAs behave differently from traditional IRAs, leading to important considerations that can significantly impact your financial future.
Definition of an Inherited IRA
Put simply, an Inherited IRA is a retirement account that you receive as a beneficiary when the original account holder passes away. These are specifically designed to allow beneficiaries to manage the assets left by the deceased. But don’t be fooled; these accounts come with strings attached. For instance, if you inherit a traditional IRA, you must follow certain rules regarding withdrawals. Unlike your own IRAs, the tax implications and distribution rules can create a complex web that’s important to navigate carefully.
So how does it work? The beneficiary assumes control of the account, but depending on their classification—whether they are a spouse, child, or another relative—the rules may vary significantly. It's crucial to grasp this framework, as how the inherited funds are managed can affect everything from tax liabilities to the growth of the account.
How Inherited IRAs Differ from Traditional IRAs
The disparities between inherited IRAs and traditional IRAs are stark. For starters, account holders don’t have the freedom to contribute to an inherited IRA. Once the previous owner passes, the money is frozen in that state, awaiting the beneficiary’s decisions. Another notable distinction is the Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs); these rules kick in early for inherited accounts.
For a traditional IRA, the owner can delay RMDs until they hit retirement age. However, for an inherited IRA, beneficiaries must begin distributions almost immediately after the owner’s death. The distributions may also be taxed at the beneficiary's income tax rate, putting a dent in potential long-term growth.
Here’s a breakdown of some key differences:
- Contribution Limits: You can't add money to an inherited IRA.
- Distribution Timing: RMDs are mandatory and can start as soon as the account is transferred.
- Tax Implications: Withdrawals are considered taxable income for the beneficiary, as opposed to a traditional IRA where penalties might apply for early withdrawals yet if you take it out later, it may be taxed at your possibly lower rate.
Understanding these differences is vital for making informed decisions about your financial landscape after inheriting such an account. A fund that grows tax-deferred in a traditional IRA may turn into taxable income quickly once it becomes an inherited IRA, reshaping how you view your financial strategies.
"Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to navigating the intricate world of inherited retirement accounts."
Grasping these concepts fully enables you to leverage inherited IRAs to your advantage while sidestepping potential pitfalls. In the ever-evolving world of finance, staying informed is key.
Legal Framework Governing Inherited IRAs
Understanding the legal framework surrounding inherited Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) is not just a matter of academic curiosity; it’s essential for anyone dealing with such accounts. The rules governing these funds are designed to ensure that beneficiaries handle the assets in a way that aligns with the intent of the original account holder. If you’re inheriting an IRA, then knowing the ins and outs can save you a heap of trouble down the line.
Beneficiary Designation and Its Importance
One of the fundamental pieces of the legal framework is the beneficiary designation associated with an inherited IRA. This isn’t just a minor detail; it’s a critical component. The designation specifies who receives the account upon the original owner’s death.
- Types of Beneficiaries: The IRA can be inherited by individuals — like children or spouses — or by entities such as trusts. Each type carries distinct tax implications and requirements.
- Importance of Accurate Designation: If the beneficiary is not clearly defined, the account may end up getting tangled in probate, causing unnecessary delays and potentially squandering resources that could have otherwise supported beneficiaries.
- Changing Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries can be changed, but this must be executed following the stipulations laid out by the IRA custodian. Not adhering to these guidelines can make an inherited IRA even less beneficial.
The designation ensures that the account's funds flow to the appropriate person efficiently, minimizing confusion. It’s essential to frequently review your beneficiary designations to keep them updated with life changes, like marriage or divorce.
Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs)
One key aspect of the legal framework for inherited IRAs is the required minimum distributions (RMDs). When the original account holder passes away, the IRS has strict guidelines about how much money must be withdrawn from the inherited IRA annually. This stipulation ensures that the tax benefits of the retirement account are not just left to accrue indefinitely.
- Timing of RMDs: Beneficiaries usually have until December 31 of the year following the account holder's death to take their first RMD.
- Calculating RMDs: The amount is determined based on the beneficiary's life expectancy or the original account holder's age at death, depending on the beneficiary's relationship to the deceased.
- Tax Implications: The distributed amounts are classified as taxable income, impacting your financial situation. It's wise to consult tax professionals who can help optimize withdrawals.
"Underestimating required distributions can lead to hefty tax implications and eligibility losses."
In summary, the legal framework that governs inherited IRAs is not only a collection of rules, it’s a structure designed to ensure orderly transfer and continuous compliance with tax obligations. Knowing the details surrounding beneficiary designations and the required minimum distributions can make a significant difference in managing inherited funds wisely.
Can You Borrow from an Inherited IRA?


When it comes to inherited Individual Retirement Accounts, many beneficiaries often wonder about their borrowing capabilities. This interest stems largely from the financial landscape that affects their overall financial planning. The question of whether one can borrow from an inherited IRA is complex and deserves a detailed examination.
Understanding what you can and cannot do with the funds in an inherited IRA is crucial. While traditional IRAs may permit loans under specific circumstances, inherited IRAs operate under different rules. A major takeaway here is that generally, you cannot borrow from an inherited IRA as you might do with a standard retirement account.
Understanding Borrowing Provisions
Borrowing provisions are specific rules that dictate how account holders can access funds. For inherited IRAs, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has strict guidelines in place. As a rule of thumb, inherited IRAs do not allow loans. The absence of this provision can be frustrating for beneficiaries, especially if they're confronted with unexpected expenses or a sudden financial downturn. Here are a few key points to consider:
- Immediate Access: Instead of borrowing, beneficiaries can take withdrawals at any time. However, this comes with tax implications, and improper withdrawals may trigger penalties.
- RMDs: If you are the designated beneficiary, you must adhere to Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs), which can influence your financial strategy going forward.
- Financial Planning: Understanding that loans from inherited IRAs are off the table can only reinforce the need for prudent financial planning. This may require looking elsewhere for funding solutions that do not involve tapping into inherited accounts.
The rules surrounding inherited IRAs may feel limiting, yet they serve a specific purpose, largely aimed at protecting retirement savings. Knowing these rules can lead to smarter fiscal decisions.
Complementary Options to Borrowing
Even though beneficiaries can't borrow directly from an inherited IRA, there are several complementary options available that could bridge the financial gap. Here are some alternatives worth considering:
- Withdrawal Strategy: Taking a strategic withdrawal from the inherited IRA may help meet pressing needs while still considering tax implications. It’s crucial to understand how taxation will affect overall returns and long-term plans.
- Personal Loans: For those who need money quickly, personal loans are a viable option. They often have more favorable terms than credit cards, though interest rates can vary based on creditworthiness.
- Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC): If beneficiaries own a home, leveraging a HELOC can provide a steady stream of cash without the complications associated with withdrawing from retirement savings.
- Traditional Bank Loans: Another route is seeking traditional loans from banks or credit unions, though this may come with stricter eligibility criteria.
Remember, while exploring alternatives, it’s wise to weigh the risks and ensure that whatever decision made aligns with long-term financial goals.
In summary, while borrowing from an inherited IRA isn't an option, being informed about the rules and available alternatives can provide a solid footing for making sound financial choices in the face of uncertainty.
Tax Implications of Withdrawals
When it comes to borrowed funds from an inherited IRA, understanding the tax implications of withdrawals is crucial. Each decision has potential tax consequences that can significantly affect your financial landscape. As you navigate these waters, it's essential to grasp how the IRS views your withdrawals from this specialized account. With the right knowledge, you can turn a confusing situation into a financially advantageous one.
Taxable Income and Withdrawal Strategy
When you withdraw funds from an inherited IRA, those amounts are generally considered taxable income. This means that whatever you take out will be added to your income for that tax year. Depending on your total income, this could push you into a higher tax bracket, and nobody wants that surprise when tax season rolls around!
To strategically minimize tax impact, consider the following strategies:
- Stagger Withdrawals: Instead of withdrawing a lump sum, spread your withdrawals over multiple years. This makes it less likely to bump you into a higher bracket.
- Timing Matters: Choose the right year for large withdrawals. If you expect your income to dip in the coming year, it might be a better time to take larger amounts out.
- Use Other Income Sources: If you can supplement your income from different sources, that might give you more room to maneuver tax-wise with your inherited IRA.
A good way to visualize these strategies is to think about your overall income like a puzzle. Each piece (withdrawal) fits into a larger picture, which is your total taxable income for the year.
Penalties for Early Withdrawals
Like it or not, the IRS likes its rules, and with inherited IRAs, early withdrawals can come with penalties. An early withdrawal is generally defined as any withdrawal made before you're 59½ years old. The standard penalty for early withdrawals is a hefty 10% plus the ordinary income tax on the amount withdrawn, adding up to a significant hit on your finances.
However, with inherited IRAs, there’s some nuance:
- No 10% Penalty: The great news is that if you’re withdrawing funds from an inherited IRA, the 10% early withdrawal penalty doesn’t apply to you. That’s a silver lining worth its weight in gold.
- Income Tax Still Applies: Remember, while the penalty is off the table, you're still responsible for the income tax. This means it’s vital to think critically about how much you take out and how it’ll affect your tax bracket.
In essence, making a large withdrawal from an inherited IRA can be tempting, especially if cash flow needs arise. However, don’t jump in without considering the long-term implications of those choices.
"Remember: Knowledge is power, and understanding your withdrawal strategy could save you a penny or two when tax season rolls around!"
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Consequences of Borrowing from an Inherited IRA
Understanding the consequences of borrowing from an inherited IRA is crucial for anyone navigating this often perplexing financial landscape. The implications can extend beyond mere withdrawal limits, affecting everything from tax liability to beneficiary standing. As this article fleshes out, the act of tapping into inherited IRA funds necessitates a careful consideration of the broader ramifications.
One would think that availing oneself of an inherited IRA is a clean-cut scenario. However, the reality is quite the opposite. Borrowing from such an account could lead to unintended complications. For instance, if a beneficiary draws too much too soon, they may face steep tax penalties or, even worse, a change in their tax status. Therefore, it’s not just about the money; it’s about the long-term impact on financial well-being.
Impact on Beneficiary Status
The impact on beneficiary status is not just a footnote; it’s an essential consideration when dealing with inherited IRAs. The potential to forfeit eligibility for certain tax benefits can come as a surprise. Specifically, beneficiaries must be mindful of how withdrawals can influence their standing. If an inherited IRA is not managed properly, a beneficiary could find themselves in a position that limits their fiscal opportunities down the road.


For example, if a beneficiary needs to meet certain criteria to sustain their inherited status, large withdrawals might close off future benefits or trigger steep tax consequences. The IRS has strict guidelines regarding the distribution of inherited IRA assets, and failing to adhere to these can turn an initially straightforward financial decision into a treacherous path.
- Key Considerations:
- Taxability of Withdrawals: Any amount withdrawn is generally included as taxable income.
- Diminished Benefits: The loss of potential tax advantages that come with remaining in the inherited IRA structure.
- Flexibility Restrictions: Changes in access to future distributions based on current withdrawals.
Long-Term Financial Implications
The long-term financial implications of borrowing from an inherited IRA can be a double-edged sword. While immediate access to funds might ease a financial crunch, the consequences often ripple into the future. Thus, understanding these implications is vital for effective financial planning.
When withdrawing from inherited IRAs, beneficiaries must realize that these funds are typically subject to Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs), depending on several factors like the decedent's age at death. If a beneficiary opts for a big payout now, they might inadvertently limit future flexibility. The act can alter beneficiaries’ tax brackets and lead to unforeseen tax liabilities that will need to be managed for years to come.
Consider the Following:
- Tax Burden: Withdrawals could push you into a higher tax bracket, increasing your tax burden.
- Depletion of Funds: Withdrawals deplete assets intended for long-term growth or legacy.
- Opportunity Costs: Money pulled from the account may miss out on market growth opportunities.
Ultimately, beneficiaries should carefully evaluate their immediate needs against potential future implications. Viewing the inherited IRA not just as a quick-fix resource, but as part of a larger financial strategy, could yield more significant benefits in the long run.
"Borrowing from an inherited IRA may feel like an easy solution, but temporary relief can create long-term financial entanglements."
Navigating these waters without proper understanding may leave beneficiaries facing unforeseen repercussions that can affect their futures. Thus, each withdrawal should be approached with caution, executing a strategy that weighs both the immediate benefits against long-term costs.
Strategic Considerations for Using Inherited IRA Funds
When dealing with an inherited IRA, understanding the strategic implications of how to utilize these funds effectively is crucial. It’s not just about accessing cash; it’s about aligning your financial actions with long-term goals, tax situations, and retirement planning. Strategic consideration encapsulates why it’s important to approach this scenario with a well-thought-out plan rather than impulsively tapping into the funds. Employing a strategic mindset helps investors and beneficiaries navigate complexities that often crop up.
Potential Benefits of Drawing from an Inherited IRA
Drawing from an inherited IRA can yield several potential benefits, each worthy of deliberation:
- Tax Efficiency: Depending on the beneficiary’s tax bracket, withdrawals may be taxed at a lower rate. This scenario proves beneficial for those who may not require an immediate withdrawal but are keen on optimizing their tax implications over time.
- Access to Funds for Immediate Needs: Life can throw curveballs, and having access to funds from an inherited IRA may serve as a safety net. This could be particularly relevant in situations such as medical emergencies or urgent financial obligations that require quick liquidity.
- Retirement Planning Flexibility: Beneficiaries can strategically draw funds to match their lifestyle needs and retirement planning. For instance, individuals under 59½ can pull from these accounts without facing the penalties associated with other retirement setups, offering a unique advantage.
- Preservation of Principal: Some may choose to withdraw only the required minimum distributions (RMDs), thereby allowing the remainder of the funds to grow tax-deferred. This strategy can help maintain the financial cushion needed for retirement.
As simple as it sounds, understanding your financial landscape can help you adopt a clear view of the benefits you stand to gain when it comes to inherited IRAs.
Evaluating Financial Needs versus Tax Implications
Balancing financial needs against tax implications requires careful reflection. Here’s how to navigate these waters:
- Assess Immediate Financial Needs: Gauge whether current financial needs demand tapping into the inherited IRA. If you require immediate cash for essential expenses, drawing funds might make sense. It’s essential to weigh this against the mortality of the funds.
- Understand the Tax Bracket: Recognize how withdrawals will be taxed based on your current tax bracket versus future anticipated brackets. If you foresee a higher income in the upcoming years, it might be wiser to limit withdrawals now.
- Consider Future Financial Stability: Assess how the withdrawal impacts your long-term financial plans, including retirement. Prioritize maintaining a balance that supports ongoing financial stability while also catering to short-term requirements.
- Utilize Professional Financial Advice: Consulting with a financial advisor specializing in inherited IRAs can offer invaluable insights. They may help clarify complex tax regulations or suggest alternative strategies that are less burdensome from a tax perspective.
Ultimately, being proactive about your choices will not only optimize your financial present but also contribute to a more sustainable accumulation of wealth over the years. Remember: It’s not just about what you withdraw but how it aligns with your complete financial picture.
As you consider your options with inherited IRA funds, always measure the short-term benefits against long-term financial health. Don’t just react—plan.
Alternatives to Using Inherited IRA for Borrowing
Borrowing from an inherited IRA might not always be the most straightforward route for meeting financial needs. Understanding the alternative options is crucial. These alternatives can provide not just the liquidity one might need but can also help avoid pitfalls that come with withdrawals from IRAs, especially when tax implications and long-term wealth retention are taken into account.
Exploring Other Financial Products
It is prudent to consider various financial products available in the market. Many choices are out there, each with its own pros and cons. For instance, the following can be suitable alternatives:
- Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC): Using a HELOC allows you to tap into the equity built through your home investment. This method often comes with relatively lower interest rates and can be quite flexible. However, it does place your home at risk if payments are missed.
- Credit Cards: Though they can be risky due to high-interest rates, credit cards can provide immediate cash for small expenses. It’s important to have a repayment plan in mind to sidestep accumulating debt.
- Retirement Loan from Your Own 401(k): If you have a 401(k), some plans allow for loans. This can be appealing as you’re borrowing from yourself rather than a financial institution, avoiding the interest costs external loans typically incur.
- Brokerage Account Withdrawal: If you possess a taxable investment account, withdrawing funds might be feasible without penalties, unlike with IRAs. Here too, understanding the potential capital gains tax implications is key.
All these options present their own risks. Therefore, it's beneficial to assess one's financial situation thoroughly before making a choice.
Personal Loans and Their Viability
One can’t overlook the option of personal loans. This alternative is gaining traction for those needing cash flow without tapping into an inherited IRA. Personal loans can work well depending on your credit status and the loan’s terms.


- Accessibility: For individuals with a good credit score, personal loans can be readily accessible. Often, these loans require less hassle compared to the lengthy process of borrowing against retirement accounts.
- Interest Rates: While personal loans can have comparatively higher interest rates than a HELOC, they might be lower than credit card rates. Shopping around for favorable terms is critical.
- Fixed Payments: A distinct advantage personal loans offer is fixed monthly payments. This predictability can help borrowers budget effectively and avoid surprises down the road.
However, potential borrowers must understand that missing payments can lead to damaged credit scores. Calculating whether the interest incurred is manageable relative to borrowed amounts is an essential step in the decision-making process.
Case Studies and Scenarios
Understanding the nuances of borrowing from an inherited IRA can sometimes feel like navigating a minefield without a map. That’s where case studies and real-life scenarios come into play, providing valuable insights that theoretical discussions might miss. These examples illustrate practical implications and offer a lens into the decision-making process of beneficiaries, shedding light on the diverse paths individuals take when faced with similar situations.
Examples of Borrowing from Inherited IRAs
Consider the case of John, a 45-year-old who inherited an IRA from his late father. Facing unexpected medical expenses, John was tempted to withdraw funds early, thinking borrowing might ease his financial strain. However, he initially assumed borrowing against the IRA was possible, not realizing that such a provision doesn’t apply here. His inquiry led him to take a qualified distribution instead. This example highlights the necessity of understanding limitations and nuances regarding inherited IRAs, even for straightforward-looking situations.
Another real-life example includes Sarah, a young woman who decided to use funds from her inherited IRA to fund her graduate education. Knowing she would incur penalties for early withdrawal, she opted for a strategic approach, which involved consulting with her financial advisor first. By doing so, she minimized her tax burden while still applying her inherited funds towards a critical investment in her future.
These case studies reveal not just the rules but the decision-making processes, revealing how beneficiaries manipulate the framework available to them creatively.
"Navigating an inherited IRA isn’t just about following rules; it’s about making informed choices that align with your financial goals."
Lessons Learned from Real-Life Situations
The lessons gleaned from these scenarios provide vital insights into the broader implications of utilizing inherited IRA funds. Firstly, awareness of withdrawal rules is paramount. Beneficiaries often find themselves unaware of the specific limitations associated with their inherited accounts. John’s case is a striking reminder that one must do homework on possible options rather than making assumptions.
Secondly, seeking professional guidance can prove beneficial. Sarah’s decision to consult a financial advisor highlights how invaluable expert advice can be. Financial advisors can help beneficiaries navigate the intricate tax implications tied to distributions, making a world of difference in financial planning.
In summary, these case studies and real-life examples underscore a critical point: borrowing from an inherited IRA is rarely a straightforward process. Rather, a blend of knowledge, foresight, and professional consultation usually yields the best outcomes.
When approaching such pivotal financial decisions, taking the time to understand case studies enriches the decision-making toolkit, paving the way for wise and informed choices down the line.
Consulting Financial Advisors
Navigating the complex landscape of inherited IRAs can be tricky, and this is where consulting a financial advisor becomes essential. The rules governing inherited IRAs can be multilayered, impacting everything from tax strategies to long-term investment decisions. It's a maze full of potential pitfalls, and a competent financial advisor can be your guiding light.
Whether you are new to this arena or you've had some experience with retirement accounts, the need for professional insight can't be overstated. Advisors offer critical support tailored to your specific situation, like understanding the nuances of Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs), which differ significantly between traditional and inherited IRAs.
When to Seek Professional Guidance
Identifying the right moment to pull the trigger on financial consultation can be a challenge. However, consider enlisting professional support during these scenarios:
- After inheriting an IRA: This is a pivotal moment when clarity is key. You’ll need to grasp RMD guidelines, tax implications, and your options for accessing funds.
- When faced with complex tax questions: If tax laws are making your head spin, talking to an advisor can illuminate your responsibilities and help prevent costly mistakes.
- If planning to withdraw funds: Prior to making any withdrawals, it's vital to have a conversation with a financial expert to assess how this could affect your tax situation and beneficiaries moving forward.
Knowing when to consult can mean the difference between a strategic financial move and a misstep leaving you in a bind.
Evaluating the Right Financial Advisor for Inherited IRA Queries
Not all financial advisors are created equal, especially when it comes to specialized topics like inherited IRAs. Here are some strategies to make sure you choose the right fit:
- Check qualifications: Look for certifications, such as a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) or Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC). These titles indicate a level of expertise in navigating retirement accounts.
- Experience with inherited accounts: It’s important that your advisor has a solid history of dealing with inherited IRAs. Ask for case studies or client testimonials to gauge their proficiency.
- Transparent fee structure: Understand how they charge—whether it’s by the hour or based on assets under management. No one wants to be blindsided by hidden fees down the road.
- Personal rapport: You’ll want to feel comfortable discussing your personal finances. A good advisor should communicate clearly and be willing to tailor their advice to your unique situation.
Adopting a well-informed approach in choosing a financial advisor can pay off in dividends, ensuring you have the expertise needed to make the most out of your inherited IRA.
Culmination
When it comes to the financial landscape, understanding how to manage an inherited IRA can feel like a tangled web, particularly when considering borrowing options. This article highlighted critical aspects of borrowing from such accounts, guiding readers through a maze of rules and regulations that govern inherited IRAs.
Summary of Key Points
- Inheriting an IRA: The distinctions between inherited and traditional IRAs are profound; beneficiaries have specific rights and restrictions that differ significantly from what traditional account holders may experience.
- Legal Framework: The legal premises surrounding beneficiary designations play a pivotal role. Knowing the importance of these designations ensures beneficiaries can navigate their financial paths more smoothly.
- Tax Implications: Tax obligations tied to withdrawals are crucial to understand. Familiarizing oneself with the tax ramifications not only nurtures better financial decisions, but it also prevents unwarranted penalties that could arise from hasty withdrawals.
- Alternatives to Borrowing: Often, the need for cash can be met through various financial products or personal loans rather than drawing from an inherited IRA, which can be a better strategy in some cases.
- Consultation with Advisors: Knowing when to seek professional guidance is equally essential. This can help beneficiaries tailor their strategies to fit their unique situations, thereby advancing their financial goals effectively.
Final Thoughts on Borrowing from Inherited IRAs
The decision to borrow from an inherited IRA should not be made lightly. The benefits, while tempting, come with strings attached that can have long-lasting consequences. Taking money out of this type of account impacts not just current financial situations but also poses risks for future growth and stability.
Beneficiaries must weigh their immediate needs against the potential strain on their financial legacy. It’s necessary to consider how and when to tap into these resources to ensure that they do not jeopardize their long-term financial health.
Overall, an informed approach to inherited IRAs fosters better financial stewardship, helping individuals make decisions that align with both their current needs and future goals.